By: Dr Rajeev Sharan, HOD & Sr Consultant – Head & Neck Onco & Robotic Surgeon, HCG Cancer Centre, Newtown, Kolkata,
In a country where health challenges are often shaped by lifestyle, environment, and awareness, understanding the impact of everyday habits has never been more important. From what we consume to how we care for ourselves, the choices we make can have lasting effects on our well-being. Among the lesser-known but deeply impactful consequences of these choices are head and neck cancers—conditions that often go unnoticed until they are in advanced stages.
Head and neck cancers refer to a group of malignancies that occur in the mouth, throat, larynx, nose, thyroid gland, salivary glands and other related structures. In India, these cancers are among the most prevalent and pose a significant public health concern. The high incidence rate is often attributed to lifestyle habits, cultural practices, environmental factors, and socioeconomic conditions. With timely information, early guidance, and the right support, individuals can take charge of their health and build resilience for the future.
What Causes Head and Neck Cancers?
While head and neck cancer doesn’t have a single, direct cause, several factors significantly increase the risk, including tobacco use, alcohol consumption, and exposure to the Human Papillomavirus (HPV)
Tobacco use—whether smoked or smokeless—remains the leading cause of head and neck cancers in India. Approximately 70% to 80% of head and neck cancers worldwide are linked to tobacco use. The traditional practice of chewing betel quid (paan), often mixed with tobacco, is a major contributor, especially in certain regions. Excessive alcohol consumption further amplifies the risk, particularly when combined with tobacco use.
Another growing risk factor is infection with the human papillomavirus (HPV), especially strain HPV16, which is linked to cancers in the oropharyngeal region (the middle part of the throat, including the tonsils and base of the tongue).
Recognising the Symptoms
Symptoms of head and neck cancers can often be mistaken for less serious conditions, which makes early detection challenging. Here are some signs to watch out for:
- Ulcer in mouth – Cheek, Tongue & Gums
- A lump in the neck or throat
- Persistent sore throat, Hoarseness or Voice changes
- Difficulty in swallowing
- Chronic ear pain, Nasal congestion
- Unexplained weight loss
If any of these symptoms persist, it’s essential to consult a medical professional for timely evaluation and diagnosis.
Treatment Approaches
The treatment of head and neck cancer typically involves a combination of surgery, radiation therapy, and chemotherapy. The specific approach depends on the location and stage of the disease, as well as the patient’s overall health.
Broadly, the treatment options include:
- Surgery: Surgery is preferred for most patients with early or localized disease and may be considered for locally advanced disease. Wherever feasible, surgeons utilize specialized cutting instruments to excise the entire malignancy along with an appropriate margin of healthy tissue, thereby enhancing the likelihood of complete oncological clearance.
- Radiation Therapy: Radiation therapy is a key component in the treatment of head and neck cancers, often used as the primary treatment for localized, early-stage tumors or combined with surgical resection and chemotherapy for advanced disease.
- Chemotherapy: Chemotherapy is often part of the treatment plan for head and neck cancer, usually in combination with surgery and radiation. It helps to shrink tumors, kill cancer cells, and stop the cancer from spreading to other parts of the body.
Each case is unique. Therefore, multidisciplinary teams comprising oncologists, surgeons, radiation therapists, and other specialists collaborate to tailor a treatment plan that ensures the best possible outcome for the patient.
Prevention is Possible
While not all cases of head and neck cancer are preventable, the risk of developing these cancers can be significantly reduced by:
- Quitting all forms of tobacco
- Stopping alcohol consumption
- Practicing safe sex to reduce HPV transmission
- Maintaining good oral hygiene through routine dental check-ups
- Eating a healthy and balanced diet, rich in fruits and vegetables
Regular health screenings and awareness of the symptoms and risk factors are essential in detecting the disease early—when treatment is most effective.
Conclusion
Head and neck cancer can often be prevented or detected early by paying close attention to our daily habits and recognising the body’s early signals. When individuals understand the connection between lifestyle and health, they’re better equipped to take charge of their well-being. With greater awareness, timely guidance, and access to care, we can shift outcomes and offer people not just treatment, but a stronger chance at complete recovery.
